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91.
On-line preconcentration strategies for trace analysis of metabolites by capillary electrophoresis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Analysis of low concentrations of metabolites is required for new fields of biological research, such as metabolomics. In this review, recent work in our laboratory aimed at developing improved strategies for on-line sample preconcentration of metabolites by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is presented. Dynamic pH junction, sweeping and dynamic pH junction-sweeping represent three complementary methods for electrokinetic focusing of large volumes of sample directly on-capillary. Focusing selectivity and focusing efficiency are two factors that can be used to assess the suitability of each method for different classes of metabolites. Buffer properties can be selected to enhance the focusing of specific types of metabolites based on knowledge of the analyte physicochemical properties. The application of on-line preconcentration CE for trace analysis of metabolites in real samples of interest, such as biological fluids and cellular extracts, is also demonstrated. Under optimum conditions, up to three orders of magnitude increase in concentration sensitivity can be realized for several classes of metabolites, including catecholamines, purines, nucleosides, nucleotides, amino acids, steroids and coenzymes. Recent work on hyphenating on-line preconcentration with multiplexed CE is highlighted as a promising platform for sensitive and high-throughput analyses of metabolites. 相似文献
92.
Spiro[oxirane-2, 4′-piperidines] have been prepared by the action of dimethyloxosulfonium methylide on 4-piperidones. The spiro[oxirane-2,4′-piperidines] act as alkylating agents to introduce (4-hydroxy-4-piperidyl) methyl moieties onto heteroaromatic compounds such as 4(3H)-quinazolone. 相似文献
93.
A theoretical study is made of the states of nonrigid molecules, extending earlier work to apply Longuet–Higgins' symmetry group of feasible permutation/inversions in two previously untreated cases. The first involves nonrigid molecule processes between different stereoisomers, that is between molecular equilibrium configurations of different geometrical shapes. The second takes into account nonrigid molecule processes in linear molecules. The theory is applied to the specific case of nonrigid molecule effects in the butyl ion C4H (case i), and the form of the nonrigid molecule energy levels and spectra are determined. The theory is also applied to determine the nonrigid molecule energy levels in linear H2F2 (case ii). 相似文献
94.
Mathieu Allix Philip P.C. Frampton Rocío Ruiz-Bustos 《Journal of solid state chemistry》2006,179(3):775-792
Polycrystalline samples of bilayered brownmillerite-like Ca2.5Sr0.5GaCo0.15Mn1.85O8 and Ca2.5Sr0.5Ga1.2Mn1.8O8 have been prepared and characterised by magnetometry and neutron diffraction over a wide temperature range. The structural chemistry and magnetic properties are compared to those of Ca2.5Sr0.5GaMn2O8. Ga enrichment has a significant effect on the former but not on the latter, whereas changes in both occur when paramagnetic Co3+ cations enter the parent phase on the 4-coordinate sites. The coupling between the environment around the 4-coordinate cations and the transition to an antiferromagnetic ordered state that was observed in Ca2.5Sr0.5GaMn2O8 is not apparent in the cation-substituted compositions, although both show long-range antiferromagnetic order at low temperatures. 相似文献
95.
Kinetic isotope measurements using [4,4-2H2]NADH and [4-1H, 4-2H]NADH have been used to investigate the mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of NADH at poly(aniline)-poly(vinyl sulfonate)-modified electrodes. The experiments show a primary kinetic isotope effect for the reaction of 4.2. This is consistent with literature values for the corresponding isotope effect for the oxidation of NADH by two-electron oxidants in homogeneous solution. The result demonstrates that transfer of H from NADH to the modified electrode occurs in the rate-limiting step within the reaction complex. 相似文献
96.
Philip D. Mannheim 《International Journal of Theoretical Physics》1985,24(5):505-531
We present a model of the weak interactions in which a custodial symmetry that is not an invariance of the starting Lagrangian emerges in the effective low-energy sector of the theory. This symmetry maintains the relationM
w=M
z cos
w to all orders in the Higgs self-couplings to any required degree of accuracy, while leaving the quark mass spectrum completely unconstrained. The model is a local left-right symmetric chiral flavor gauge theory of the electroweak interactions in which the symmetry is spontaneously broken by fundamental Higgs fields which transform the same way under the chiral group as fermion Dirac and Majorana masses. 相似文献
97.
98.
The equilibrium and fluctuation methods for determining the surface tension, sigma, and bending modulus, kappa, of a bilayer membrane with a fixed projected area are discussed. In the fluctuation method the elastic coefficients sigma and kappa are measured from the amplitude of thermal fluctuations of the planar membrane, while in the equilibrium method the free energy required to deform the membrane is considered. The latter approach is used to derive new expressions for sigma and kappa (as well as for the saddle-splay modulus), which relate them to the pair-interactions between the amphiphiles forming the membrane. We use linear response theory to argue that the two routes lead to similar values for sigma and kappa. This argument is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations of a model membrane whose elastic coefficients are calculated using both methods. 相似文献
99.
Various methods for the preparation of metal oxide catalysts for environmental control purposes are described. These include coprecipitation, sol-gel, and impregnation, and are used to prepare mixed oxide catalysts of the types SnO2-MO2 (M=Ce or Zr), SnO2-Ln2O3 (Ln = lanthanide), Ln-doped CeO2, Cr (VI)-doped SnO2, and Cu(II)-doped SnO2. The aggregation in stable colloidal sols of SnO2, CeO2 and ZrO2 is dependent on the concentration of the metal oxide. Techniques for the characterisation of these catalyst materials include gas adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and TEM/EDXA. 相似文献
100.
In the 1B2u-1Ag system of naphthalene in a supersonic jet, rotational contour calculations show rotational temperatures of 2–60 K for argon carrier gas pressures of 1520-120 Torr. The b1u vibration v24 shows a high vibrational temperature which corresponds to the seeding temperature for pressures <400 Torr. 相似文献